Impact of Transformation of IC Automobile Engines to EV Lithium Batteries and then to Hydrogen Technology based Automobiles on Global Environment

Electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium-ion batteries are replacing conventional internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles powered by fossil fuels in the global transportation sector, which is undergoing a significant technological transition. Eventually, hydrogen-based fuel cell vehicles will replace EVs. A key tactic for addressing climate change, cutting air pollution, and advancing sustainable energy systems is this shift. Due to their heavy reliance on petroleum fuels, internal combustion engines (IC engines) are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, urban air pollution, and environmental degradation through particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Global warming and public health issues have escalated due to the combined environmental impact of fossil fuel extraction, refinement, and burning.